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Networking Asia / Africa / Southeast Europe |
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Verwaltung, Gesundheit, Bevölkerung, Wirtschaft, Zivile Sicherheit
Quellen:
Auswärtiges Amt, Länder- und Reiseinformationen,
http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/www/de/laenderinfos/index_html (abgerufen im August 2002)
CIA, The World Factbook 2001,
http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/index.html (abgerufen im August 2002)
Quelle: Auswärtiges Amt, Länder- und Reiseinformationen, http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/www/de/laenderinfos/index_html (abgerufen im August 2002)
23 Provinzen: Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Ningxia, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang; Taiwan wird in China als 23. Provinz betrachtet
5 autonome Regionen: Guangxi, Innere Mongolei, Xinjiang, Xizang (Tibet)
4 regierungsunmittelbare Städte: Peking, Tianjin, Shanghai, Chongqing
2 Sonderverwaltungszonen: Hongkong, Macau
Zentralregierung in Peking
Quelle: CIA, The World Factbook 2001, http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/index.html (abgerufen im August 2002)
Quelle: World Health Organization, http://www.who.int/country/en (abgerufen im August 2002)
China's health care finance system consists of three formal systems and an informal component.
Gongfei yiliao or Government Employee Health Insurance, provides coverage for government workers at all political divisional levels (central, provincial, county, township, and village), including officials of labor unions, youth's and women's leagues, the staff of cultural, educational, health and research institutes and students at approved colleges and universities. The government is solely responsible for the financing of this system. Health services are mainly provided by public hospitals, but larger organizations with more than 200 employees usually set up their own clinics.
The beneficiaries of gongfei yiliao are required to seek health services at appointed hospitals of the organization, and the charge for the services is reimbursed by the gongfei yiliao based on the government fee schedule.
The laobao yiliao, or Labor Health Insurance, is a system under which employees in state and collective enterprises and their immediate family members are entitled to full (for the employees themselves) or partial (for immediate family members) benefits. Government mandates that the state enterprises with more than 100 employees must provide laobao yiliao.
Payment is made mainly out of "welfare funds" of enterprises, a portion of which are designated for medical services. Most large enterprises with more than 1000 employees organize their own hospitals (inside hospitals) and most medium size enterprises (200 to 1,000 employees) have their own clinics for providing free outpatient services to their employees.
The third formal system of medical care finance is the rural cooperative medical system (RCMS) conceived through initiatives of communes and brigades in rural areas and funded by yearly contributions paid by participants and subsidies from collective welfare funds. With the liberalization of the economic since 1979, a significant number of these RCMS's were dismantled. The dismantling of the commune system and the concomitant expansion first of self-exploitation in farming and more recently of capitalist agriculture dramatically reduced the number of individuals employed within state-controlled enterprises in rural China.
This structural change in the balance between "public" and "private" sectors allowed the Chinese authorities to sharply reduce public sector spending on rural health care provision, shifting the burden to the direct producers themselves. Agricultural direct producers has been one of the largest and first groups to lose public health coverage.
The informal component of health care financing is that component for which there is no institutional payer, whether government agency, non-governmental organization or private enterprise. In the informal health care sector, it is up to the individual to finance her/his own health treatment (or to locate someone, family member, friend or other non-formally obligated party, who will provide the financing). This informal health care sector includes a considerable number of farmers and their family members, well as some urban workers not covered by any medical scheme.
Quellen:
CIA, The World Factbook 2001,
http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/index.html (abgerufen im August 2002)
Deutsche Stiftung Weltbevölkerung, DSW-Datenreport (Angaben Mitte 2002),
http://www.dsw-online.de/infothek_db.html (abgerufen im August 2002)
Quelle: Deutsche Stiftung Weltbevölkerung, DSW-Datenreport, http://www.dsw-online.de/infothek_db.html (abgerufen im August 2002)
Bevölkerungsgruppen:
91,9 % Han Chinesen
8,1 % weitere Bevölkerungsgruppen: Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi, Tibeter, Miao, Manchu, Mongol, Buyi, Koreaner und
andere
Religionen: offiziell Atheismus;
Daoismus, Buddhismus, Islam 2 % – 3 %, Christentum
1 %
Landessprachen: Mandarin (auf Pekinger Dialekt basierend), Kantonesisch, Wu (Shanghai), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanesisch), Xiang, Gan, Hakka-Dialekte, weitere Sprachen der Minoritäten
Quelle: CIA, The World Factbook 2001, http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/index.html (abgerufen im August 2002)
Wirtschaftsstruktur:
Quelle: Worldbank, Country at a Glance Tables, http://www.worldbank.org/data/countrydata/countrydata.html (abgerufen im August 2002)
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