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Networking Asia / Africa / Southeast Europe |
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Verwaltung, Gesundheit, Bevölkerung, Wirtschaft
Quellen:
Auswärtiges Amt, Länder- und Reiseinformationen,
http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/www/de/laenderinfos/index_html (abgerufen im August 2002)
CIA, The World Factbook 2001,
http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/index.html (abgerufen im August 2002)
Quelle: Auswärtiges Amt, Länder- und Reiseinformationen, http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/www/de/laenderinfos/index_html (abgerufen im August 2002)
73 Provinzen: Abra, Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Aklan, Albay, Antique, Aurora, Basilan, Bataan, Batanes, Batangas, Benguet, Bohol, Bukidnon, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Camiguin, Capiz, Catanduanes, Cavite, Cebu, Davao, Davao del Sur, Davao Oriental, Eastern Samar, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Iloilo, Isabela, Kalinga-Apayao, Laguna, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, La Union, Leyte, Maguindanao, Marinduque, Masbate, Mindoro Occidental, Mindoro Oriental, Misamis Occidental, Misamis Oriental, Mountain, Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental, North Cotabato, Northern Samar, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Palawan, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Quirino, Rizal, Romblon, Samar, (in Pangasinan), Siquijor, Sorsogon, South Cotabato, Southern Leyte, Sultan Kudarat, Sulu, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, Tarlac, Tawitawi, Zambales, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur
61 amtliche Städte
Quelle: CIA, The World Factbook 2001, http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/index.html (abgerufen im August 2002)
Quelle: World Health Organization, http://www.who.int/country/en (abgerufen im August 2002)
The main strategy under the health financing component is to expand coverage and improve benefits of the National Health Insurance Program (NHIP). The idea is to use enrollment to drive improvements in benefits, upgrading of administrative capacities, and to implement reforms in provider related activities (i.e. accreditation, quality assurance, and payment schemes). As the NHIP advances towards universal coverage, its power to influence outcomes in the health system also expands. By itself, NHIP reforms are expected to improve the efficiency with which health services are financed (i.e. risk pooling) and, through social solidarity, reduce the financial burden (and therefore improve access) on poor families. The larger the pool, the more efficient and equitable health financing can be. Moreover, as NHIP spending increases with the expansion of its membership pool, the greater the leverage the NHIP will have over private sector health care providers and suppliers of medical inputs.
Presently, the NHIP is trapped in a whirlpool involving limited membership, unattractive benefits, and weak administrative infrastructure. The SSS and GSIS membership base are so used to limited first-peso insurance coverage to the point that there is hardly any pressure from these sectors to improve the system. Private sector employees have turned to add-on packages offered by private health insurance companies and HMOs. This limits the wage-sector risk pool to the meager benefits that the NHIP provides. Beyond this, they resort to firm level risk pools that are highly vulnerable to business cycles. Hence, current benefits are what they have been before the 1995 NHIP law, with ceilings that are adjusted once in a while. With a complacent membership base, the NHIP has only managed to build an administrative infrastructure barely sufficient to collect and to reimburse.
PHIC needs to build up its administrative infrastructure especially its information system. Present weakness has made the NHIP vulnerable to abuses by health care providers whose prices, services, and capacities cannot be monitored. The HSRA suggests that in order to snap the NHIP out of inertia, it could have to focus on expanding population coverage especially the indigent population. As the NHIP expands, a new constituency of indigent families, the self-employed, and their mayors, governors and congressmen is built around the program. This should exert enough pressure for the NHIP to improve. NHIP expansion will also contribute to the success of reforms in the other areas. NHIP links with provincial and community-based health insurance programs will help forge inter-LGU linkages required by local health systems development. NHIP expansion will also help secure financing for priority public health programs over the long term. This can be done directly by including public health programs as special benefits or indirectly by allowing the DOH to shift its budgets from hospitals to public health programs. Finally, NHIP expansion will also help secure the viability of public hospitals that undergo organizational change (i.e. corporatization).
Quellen:
CIA, The World Factbook 2001,
http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/index.html (abgerufen im August 2002)
Deutsche Stiftung Weltbevölkerung, DSW-Datenreport (Angaben Mitte 2002),
http://www.dsw-online.de/infothek_db.html (abgerufen im August 2002)
Quelle: Deutsche Stiftung Weltbevölkerung, DSW-Datenreport, http://www.dsw-online.de/infothek_db.html (abgerufen im August 2002)
Bevölkerungsgruppen:
91,5 %christiliche Malaysier
4 % moslemische Malaysier
1,5 % Chinesen
3 % andere
Religionen:
83 % Katholizismus
9 % Protestismus
5 % Islam
3 % Buddhismus und andere
Landessprachen:
zwei offizielle Landessprachen: Filipino (basiert auf Tagalog) und English
8 Hauptsdialekte: Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocan, Hiligaynon or Ilonggo, Bicol, Waray, Pampango, and Pangasinense
Quelle: CIA, The World Factbook 2001, http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/index.html (abgerufen im August 2002)
Wirtschaftsstruktur:
Quelle: Worldbank, Country at a Glance Tables, http://www.worldbank.org/data/countrydata/countrydata.html (abgerufen im August 2002)
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